The World and Türkiye in 2025

Aydın Tiryaki (December 31, 2025)
(Gemini AI was used as a data compilation and writing assistant)

Abstract: The year 2025 has been a turning point where artificial intelligence transitioned from being a mere “conversational” tool to an era of “digital agents” that make autonomous decisions. This article analyzes the market struggle between ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, and Meta AI, the technological leap experienced between late 2024 and late 2025, and the development of these models through popular performance benchmarks.

Introduction: 2025 – The Year of AI “Maturity”

By the end of 2024, the world was watching the astonishing capabilities of generative AI as a curiosity. However, 2025 was the year this curiosity was replaced by complete “functionality.” As of late 2025, models no longer just generate text; they design complex software, lead scientific research, and act as “brains” managing robotic systems in the physical world.

1. The Battle of Giants: Market Share and the New Face of Competition

As of late 2025, the balance of power in the global AI market has been shaped around four main actors:

• OpenAI (ChatGPT): The undisputed leader at the end of 2024, OpenAI continues to hold approximately 40% of the market in 2025 with its “o1” and “GPT-5” series focusing on “reasoning.” It remains the first choice in the professional world for complex problem-solving.
• Google (Gemini): 2025 has been a year of a true comeback for Google. Having completed its ecosystem integration with the Gemini 2.0 series, Google has leveraged its Android and Workspace advantages to increase its market share to around 25%.
• Anthropic (Claude): Standing out with its motto of “safe and human-aligned AI,” Claude has moved from a niche market to the mainstream, reaching a 15% share particularly through its coding and deep literary analysis capabilities.
• Meta (Llama): Championing the “open source” model, Meta has matched the performance of commercial models with its Llama 4 series. It has become the choice for developers and SMEs worldwide, controlling 20% of the ecosystem.

2. From Late 2024 to Late 2025: The Technological Leap

The difference between late 2024 and late 2025 is not just a version update; it is a “leap in intelligence.” At the end of 2024, AI models generally focused on text and image generation. They would answer a question statistically by choosing the most likely next word without “thinking.” By the end of 2025, models began to respond by operating a “reasoning” process—effectively thinking internally and eliminating alternatives before answering.

Furthermore, while the “context window” (the amount of data models can read at once) was limited at the end of 2024, by late 2025, models like Gemini reached “unlimited memory” capacities, capable of analyzing millions of lines of data or hours of video in one go. The biggest change, however, is the integration of AI into operating systems; AI is no longer just an application, it is the computer and the phone itself.

3. The Evolution of Gemini: Google’s Ecosystem Power

While Gemini drew attention with its multimodal capabilities at the end of 2024, it became the nervous system of the Google ecosystem by the end of 2025.

• Autonomous Partner: Gemini no longer just answers questions; it has become a “digital assistant” that analyzes all your data across Drive, Maps, and Workspace to schedule appointments, buy flight tickets, and manage projects on your behalf.
• Sensory Interaction: By late 2025, Gemini reached a level where it can analyze live video streams in milliseconds to provide commentary and even understand the emotion in a user’s voice to respond with empathy.

4. Performance Benchmarks: Toward Human-Level Expertise

In popular AI tests (such as MMLU – Massive Multitask Language Understanding), scores that were in the 85-88% range at the end of 2024 reached 96-98% by late 2025. This indicates that AI has reached “human expert levels” in academic questions across fields like medicine, law, and engineering. Specifically in coding benchmarks, 2025 models have pushed the rate of error-free code generation above 90%, setting a new standard in the software world.

Conclusion

The year 2025 is when AI ceased to be the “technology of the future” and became the most fundamental economic power of today. For Türkiye, participating in this race means more than just watching the grand competition between OpenAI, Google, Meta, and Anthropic; it means blending this technology with local values and integrating it into production processes. As we enter 2026, this “four-way race” will continue to accelerate the fastest technological revolution in human history.

APPENDIX: AN ACCOUNTING OF THE STRATEGIC AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

While the technological leap and the competition among giants discussed in this article demonstrate that 2024–2025 was not just a software race but a year of “sovereignty over mind and data,” it is necessary to note the following strategic and social realities beyond the glittering surface of this digital revolution:

1. Global Technology Monopoly and the Risk of Digital Dependency The division of the artificial intelligence market among four major giants in 2025 has created a serious risk of “digital dependency” for developing countries. The concentration of knowledge and algorithmic power in only a few centers weakens equality of opportunity on a global scale. In this process, the primary requirement is not just to use these technologies but to build independent structures that will protect national data and cultural capital.

2. Türkiye: The Requirement for a National Strategy Beyond Software The artificial intelligence race for Türkiye should not be seen merely as the integration of ready-made models into business processes. As of 2025, the greatest test before Türkiye is to preserve the qualified human resources that will produce or localize this technology. The execution of a national artificial intelligence strategy by meritocratic personnel is a fundamental condition for economic sovereignty and technological independence.

3. Automation, Unemployment, and the Radical Transformation of Working Hours The year 2025 has proven that developments in artificial intelligence and automation have dramatically reduced the requirement for human labor, leading to a serious employment crisis. To overcome this crisis, reducing working hours—not in a symbolic manner, but in a real and radical way—is no longer a preference but a necessity to create areas of work for the unemployed. The fair distribution of the existing workload among broader masses has become the most fundamental requirement for maintaining social stability.

4. Academic Norms and Ethical Audit Meritocracy In an era where artificial intelligence makes autonomous decisions, the question of which academic norms will govern the auditing of these algorithms is vital. In an environment where academic meritocracy is weakened, the risks of manipulation and disinformation created by AI increase. It is a fundamental requirement for universities to position themselves not merely as “technology consumers” but as “ethical and scientific auditors” for a merit-based science policy.

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A Note on Methods and Tools: All observations, ideas, and solution proposals in this study are the author’s own. AI was utilized as an information source for researching and compiling relevant topics strictly based on the author’s inquiries, requests, and directions; additionally, it provided writing assistance during the drafting process. (The research-based compilation and English writing process of this text were supported by AI as a specialized assistant.)